Unemployment has been a social problem for a long period. It has been blamed for the scourge in the worsening security situation in the country including kidnapping, cybercrime, terrorism, armed robbery and other vices such as prostitution, human trafficking and drug addiction. For this, successive governments have attempted to address the menace of unemployment through the introduction of programmes aimed at providing employment through entrepreneurship. This paper therefore examines the role of the Skill Acquisition and Entrepreneurship Development (SAED) which is a programme under the National Youth Service Corps. The paper adopted content analysis in examining how the SAED programme has helped in providing fresh graduates with entrepreneurial skills. Findings of the research revealed that lack of entrepreneurship skills among graduates especially the youth is responsible for the high rate of poverty and unemployment in Nigeria. It was discovered that the post-camp training of the SAED programme has contributed about 35% business employment for the participants. The paper recommends among others that conscious attention should be given to the post-camp training phase of the SAED scheme and that the NYSC management should collaborate with financial institutions to help in providing grants to the successful and certified participants of the post-camp training.

With the birth of social media came the evolution of content monetization, which has to do with the commercialization of contents created and posted on social media by individuals. Such platforms which include Facebook (Meta), Instagram, Tiktok, YouTube, etc., provide avenues for commercializing contents through which individual content creators generate income. Adopting the qualitative method of data gathering, this paper explored secondary sources/literatures in areas of communication, advertising, social media, marketing, Digital media, and statistics; in an attempt to establish a synergy between social media and business enterprise through content monetization. It was established that in content monetization environment, social media platforms have transformed into sales points for Users’ Generated Contents; where subscribers upload, post, view, comment and share digital contents (monetized) among themselves. It was thus revealed that not only is social media content monetization a digital pathway for business transaction on social media, it is a lucrative enterprise with a huge potential for many Nigerians to earn a living legitimately. Through the data presented, top 10 social media content creators in Nigeria have earned an estimate of 6.5 million dollars from content monetization, with top earner profiting as much as 3 million dollars in 2024. The study thus recommended that digital media literacy be prioritize in Nigeria, to encourage and equip Nigerians with adequate tools to partake in the revolutionary content monetization.

This study develops a comprehensive conceptual framework to explore the critical, and often under examined, relationship between the robustness of Accounting Information Systems (AIS) and the enhancement of national economic security in Nigeria. Despite the acknowledged importance of AIS in promoting corporate governance principles like transparency and accountability, there is a significant lack of a clear, integrated framework that systematically links the functional capabilities of AIS to the multifaceted concept of economic security. The study therefore bridges the gap between technical AIS implementation and its macroeconomic consequences. This study is conceptual in nature and employs a systematic and rigorous review of existing literature. It synthesizes established theories and empirical findings from the fields of accounting information systems, public finance, development economics, and risk management. This interdisciplinary approach allows for the construction of a logical and coherent framework that identifies, defines, and interconnects the key variables, their underlying dimensions, and their measurable proxies. The proposed framework posits that high-quality AIS—characterized by attributes such as enhanced transparency, stringent accountability mechanisms, effective enterprise-wide risk management, and proactive fraud detection—directly and positively contributes to strengthening economic security. Economic security, in turn, is conceptualized through measurable proxies including national financial sustainability, heightened investor confidence, and improved regulatory compliance. The framework visualizes a robust national AIS infrastructure as a foundational pillar that supports the entire architecture of national economic stability and resilience. The framework provides a valuable analytical tool for policymakers, enabling the design of targeted, evidence-based interventions to improve financial governance and combat systemic corruption. For public and private organizations.

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is a rapidly proliferating, invasive aquatic species that serves as a potential biomass resource for bioenergy generation and may be utilised as a biopesticide. The main objective of the study, was to evaluate the effectiveness of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) extract against the termites (Odontotermes obesus). Fresh leaves of E. crassipes were gathered from the River Niger region in Niger State and evaluated for the phytochemical parameters, termite mortality, and the repellency of the plant extract against termites. The findings indicated the existence of saponins, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, and anthraquinone. The leaf extract of water hyacinth induced mortality rates of 33.3%, 46.7%, and 60% in termites at concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 3% g/ml, respectively, after 6 hours of treatment. The leaf extract demonstrated 80%, 86.7%, and 100% mortality rates of termites at concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 3% g/ml, respectively, following an 18-hour treatment period. No significant difference (p>0.005) was seen between the 3% concentration of the extract and the standard control after 18 hours of treatment. The leaf extract of water hyacinth exhibited average percentage repellency against termites of 23.3%, 33.3%, and 36.7% at doses of 1%, 2%, and 3% g/ml, respectively. All concentrations of the extract exhibited class II repellency. The leaf extract of water hyacinth is advised for termite management in the environment as an alternative to synthetic insecticides.

Medicinal plants are increasingly investigated as potential alternatives to synthetic antimicrobials. This study assessed the antibacterial effects of seed extracts of Vitis vinifera (grape) and Annona cherimola (cherimoya) against clinical isolates (Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Seed powders (250g) were extracted with 70% ethanol, screened for phytochemicals, and tested for antibacterial activity by agar well diffusion at 100-12.5 mg/ml. Ciprofloxacin served as a positive control, while 0.1ml of 2% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was the negative control. Phytochemical screening revealed that Vitis vinifera seed extract contained flavonoids, tannins, phenols, terpenoids, glycosides and quinine-like compounds; Annona cherimola seed extract contained flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides and quinine-type compounds, but not tannins, phenols, alkaloids or saponins. The phytochemical screening indicates that the Vitis vinifera seed extract is richer in tannins and phenols than Annona cherimola seed extract thus, demonstrated significant inhibitory activity against both test organisms. Staphylococcus aureus was more sensitive, with minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations determined at 25 mg/ml and 50 mg/ml, respectively. Conversely, Annona cherimola seed extract exhibited no significant antibacterial effect on both isolates. The results obtained in this study indicate that Vitis vinifera seeds contain bioactive constituents with potential antibacterial properties, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus. Vitis vinifera seed extract may therefore represent a promising natural candidate for the development of plant-based antimicrobial agents.

This study focused on the antibacterial activities of ethanol extracts of leaves and roots of Momordica charantia, especially as emergence of antibiotic resistance becomes a major global health problem. The extracts were fractionated using column chromatography, and similar components were grouped with thin-layer chromatography (TLC) based on their RF values. About 0.2 ml of the test cultures at 1.5 x 108 cfu/ml were exposed to the fractions at 20 mg/ml in comparison with ampiclox (30µg) using the agar well diffusion technique. Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were used in the study. The TLC analysis resulted into eight and six fractions of the leaf and root extracts respectively. Most leaf fractions showed strong antibacterial action with inhibition zones between 14.00±1.41 to 26.50±2.12 mm. The exception was fraction four, which had a smaller inhibition zone (9 mm) against Klebsiella pneumoniae and no activity against E. coli and S. typhi. The root fractions also demonstrated notable antibacterial effects, with inhibition zones ranging from 12.50±2.12 to 22.00±1.41 mm, though fractions F1 to F3 showed no effect on S. aureus, E. coli, and S. typhi. Leaf extracts of Momordica charantia showed more potent antibacterial activity than the root extracts, suggesting that leaf-derived compounds may be more effective for treating infections caused by these bacteria.

Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir. (Fabaceae), widely known as African rosewood or bar-wood, is a potential tree of high ethnomedicinal and economic significance across West Africa. This study presents a comprehensive experimental analysis focused on phytochemical screening, antimicrobial activity, and essential mineral composition of P. erinaceus stem bark and leaves collected from Pitchi area, Bida Niger State, Nigeria. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phenols, steroids, glycosides, and terpenoids, with the highest concentration generally observed in the stem bark. Agar well diffusion assays demonstrated significant inhibitory effects against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria, as well as the fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Mineral analysis by atomic absorption spectrophotometry indicated substantial quantities of calcium, potassium, magnesium, and iron. These results confirm the traditional uses of P. erinaceus for treatment of various infectious and inflammatory disorders with potentials as a source of bio-active compounds and nutritional supplements. Recommendations are provided for further research on isolation of bio-active constituents, toxicological assessment, and conservation measures to ensure sustainable utilization.

In recent times, consumption of sachet water has increased tremendously in Nigeria. However, due to its nonbiodegradable nature, the disposal of waste polyethylene water sachet (WPSW) constitutes an environmental problem. This research seeks to explore the potential of using waste polyethylene water sachet made of “Low Density Polyethylene” (LDPE) in improving the desirable properties of bitumen in our country Nigeria. The materials collected were pure water sachets and bitumen. Investigation carried out are penetration test, softening point test, flash point and fire point tests, ductility test, as well specific gravity for both conventional and modified bitumen to ascertain their properties. The bitumen was modified at 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% by weight of bitumen respectively for each of the experiments mentioned above. Penetration decreases from 68.89mm to 68.33mm, softening point increased from 48.50 °C to 70.50°C, Flash and Fire Point Test increased from 230°C to 276°C, 256oC to 307oC, Ductility test increased from 105.00mm to 118.67mm, while specific gravity increases from 1.040 to 1.050. From the results it showed that modified bitumen had improved properties in terms of load bearing capacity, safety, and ability to withstand heavy traffic, and road construction cost than conventional bitumen. One-Way analysis of variance (ANOVA) carried out statistically on the results of the modified bitumen showed that the WPSW had a significant effect on all the properties except for specific gravity

Tamarindus indica L. (Fabaceae) is a wide medicinal tree from tropical and subtropical regions, commonly used as local treatment of various diseases. This experimental study analysis the phytochemical composition, antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial activity and essential mineral content of Tamarindus indica fruit pulp, leaves and stem bark collected from Kangi area of Bida Niger State, Nigeria. Qualitative phytochemical analysis showed abundant flavonoids, tannins and phenolics, precisely in stem bark and fruit pulp, while in addition terpenoids, saponin and alkaloids, were positive across all part of the plant. The quantitative screening indicated high total phenolic content (TPC) in fruit pulp (112.5 ± 2.2 mg GAE/g) with moderate total flavonoid content (TFC). Antioxidant screening (ABTS and DPPH) showed strong radical scavenging by fruit extracts (DPPH IC50 = 26.3 ± 1.6 µg/ml). Antimicrobial screening using agar diffusion and broth microdilution indicated broad-spectrum activity, with fruit methanolic extract exhibiting zones of inhibition up to 21.4 ± 0.6 mm and MICs as low as 0.525 mg/ml for certain bacteria. Mineral analysis by atomic absorption spectrophotometry revealed significant levels of iron, calcium, magnesium, and potassium, justifying the nutritional benefit of the plant. These results justify the ethnomedicinal uses of tamarind for gastrointestinal and infectious diseases and validate its potential as a source of bioactive compounds for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical importance. Further work should include Isolation of bioactive compounds, toxicity evaluation and controllable cultivation practices.